ARTICLE: Nearly 2.5 million Chinese immigrants lived in the United States in 2018—the third largest foreign-born population in the country. Station #5: The Era of Good Feelings. g. 1890. e. Forced Boss Tweed out of power and into jail. In other words, ... ended Chinese immigration. The only Chinese permitted to enter the U.S. after the Act was passed were those who could claim a Chinese-American parent. "The Chinese Question" by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly. The more groundbreaking articles included measures that promised the Chinese the right to free immigration and travel within the United States, and allowed for the protection of Chinese citizens in the United States in accordance with the most-favored-nation principle. This shows how people where violent and discriminant to Chinese fellows. A) Describe the historical circumstances of the Chinese Exclusion Act. On June 25, 1867, thousands of Chinese railroad workers staged a strike to demand equal pay to white laborers, shorter workdays, and better conditions. Chinese Immigration to San Francisco Check out this website for an example of anti-Chinese sentiment in 1874. Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States ... E. Chinese. In this cartoon by Thomas Nast, Columbia, the feminine symbol of the United States, shields the despondent Chinese man against a gang of thugs, whom she emphatically reminds that "America means fair play … The 1882 Immigration Act adopted as federal law policies and practices already enacted by the states of New York and Massachusetts that targeted poor immigrants for exclusion and removal. One of the important events during his presidency was the Immigration Act of 1907 which established the Dillingham Commission Report which raised the issue of Old Immigrants vs New Immigrants. Arthur was a firm believer in the spoils system when it was coming under vehement attack from reformers. Originally intended to last for for 10 years ARTICLE: Immigration has contributed to many of the economic, social, and political processes that are foundational to the United States as a nation since the first newcomers arrived over 400 years ago. The immigration also … Chester A. Arthur. APUSH Unit 8: Gilded Age Politics in the Gilded Age, 1869-1896 (Chapter 23) I can describe the political corruption of the Grant administration and the various efforts to clean up politics in the Gilded Age. Chinese laborers were the first immigrant group to arrive in Hawaii for work on the plantations and numbered more than 50,000 between 1852 and 1887. First 3 Questions from picture and intro text 620-621. 6 1865 - 1898", followed by 330 people on Pinterest. Anti-Chinese cartoon published in San Francisco magazine The Wasp in 1885. In 1882 Congress had passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which lasted for 10 years. “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” 127. For many years, historians have relied upon the word mercantilism to capture this international world. Old Immigrants vs New Immigrants Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th American President who served in office from September 14, 1901 to March 4, 1909. Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. Anti- coolie clubs emerged in the 1860s and 1870s. John C. Calhoun. He was not, however, tolerant of ignorance. The Immigration Act of 1917 drastically reduced U.S. immigration by expanding the prohibitions of the Chinese exclusion laws of the late 1800s. That amendment is of special significance historically to people of color. The 1921 law stipulated a maximum yearly immigration at 357,000. Chinese Exclusion Act. After brushes with immigration reform that began in 2001 and continued in 2006 and 2007, the United States seems to be on the threshold of overhauling the legal immigration system in … Social Darwinism Continued. The Cartoon has the Chinese man sitting with everything he has to offer out on display. Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion. The increasing population of immigrants and nativism gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and a demand for immigration restrictions. It includes everything from the tail end of Reconstruction after the Civil War to major labor and immigration developments. The Chinese Question is full sized cartoon published in Harper’s Weekly, February 18, 1871,. This act banned entry to all Chinese immigrants except for tourists, merchants, teachers, students, and government officials. Throughout the nineteenth century, America received a steady flow of immigration. (Pages 502-506) Election of 1868 -Candidates and positions -Republican -Democratic -“Waving the bloody shirt” -outcome Black Friday Read PDF Apush Chapter 3 Quizlet national, international, economic, political and strategic considerations, he offers a fresh approach to one of the central questions in British history. It functioned as both an immigration and deportation facility, at which some 175,000 Chinese and about 60,000 Japanese immigrants were detained under oppressive conditions. the federal governmetn prohibited any further chinese immigration into the country: What was the significance of the Homestead Act of 1862? This Act virtually ended Chinese immigration for nearly a … Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. APUSH Chapter 18 Guided Reading.pdf The law created an “Asiatic barred zone” provision, which prohibited immigration from British India, most of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Middle East. In one year Chinese immigration dropped from 40,000 to 23. Some people tried to take away citizenship from native-born Chinese Americans but the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment gave citizenship to anyone born in the U.S. f. Helped ensure passage of the Pendleton Act. Objective 1: Students will be able to explain the push-pull factors that brought Chinese immigrants to the United States Objective 2: Students will be able to explain how 19th-century Chinese immigrants helped to make America great. He deplored the mob mentality that in his mind, the Irish… This period of American history may not have a lot of fanfare or get a lot of attention for having wars or conflict, but it sets the stage for a lot of rapid political and social development. Statue of Liberty 266. Additional resources will be available on our google classroom page. Part I: The “New Immigration,” 1880-1924. Such feelings were accompanied by anti-Chinese riots and pressure, especially in California, for the exclusion of Chinese immigrants from the United States. APUSH REVIEWED! Significance to the Thesis B. Increasingly prominent racist and nativist theories, along with Supreme Court decisions such as Plessy v. Ferguson, were used to justify violence, as well as local and national policies of discrimination and segregation. "The Chinese Question" by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly. The only Chinese permitted to enter the U.S. after the Act was passed were those who could claim a Chinese-American parent. Period 6 spans from 1865-1898. The act, which was renewed and enforced until 1943, banned Chinese immigration for ten years and prohibited the Chinese from becoming citizens. This ability of the states to now pass segregation laws began to permeate throughout southern society and ushered in a more expansive approach to racial segregation. The American Pageant, the most widespread APUSH textbook, provides great detail about cultural and economic push-pull factors that led to European migration to the United States but is notably silent about these topics concerning Asian migration. Discuss whether the automobile or immigration was more important for America’s social and economic growth in the 1920s. By the mid 1850's, the populations of San Antonio, Houston, and Galveston were about one-third German. Nast likely created the text pasted on the wall behind them by combining actual and invented debate from the time. The Immigration Act of 1924 was an influential legislation designed to curb immigration into the USA. As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s, ... James Fenimore Cooper examined the significance of A. America’s westward expansion. by mslazarvdlhs. 160 acres of nearly free land to any head of household who would settle an diprove it over 5 years Read on to know more about this Act, in this Historyplex post. However, from the perspective of the publishers of … 1825) 363-mile canal that linked the Great Lakes to the Hudson River - cost to ship decreased by 95%, shipping time reduced, land values skyrocketed, new cities formed, 1. From the Museum of the City of San Francisco. Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts. Study Flashcards On APUSH Unit 1 Key Terms at Cram.com. National Grange Movement 126. Economic prosperity *Negatives: mechanization, rising costs, 160 acres not enough, arid land. AP.USH: KC‑6.2.II.C (KC), MIG (Theme), Unit 6: Learning Objective B. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Federal policy. banned the Kearneyites in San Francisco. The AP US History exam is coming up on Thursday, May 6, 2021 (make-up exam on Thursday, May 20, 2021). 'Excellent and The flow of migrants meant that by the time of the 1900 census, 10.3 million of the 76.3 million residents of the United States had been born overseas, making up 13.6 percent of the total population. The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act was a far-reaching and influential piece of legislation. Catholic immigrants were described as “Papists” who would never be loyal to the United States since their allegiance was to the Pope. Migrants from Latin America during the early twentieth century came almost exclusively from Mexico, Puerto Rico, and (to a … Significance: willingness to work for low wages Americans believed they were "stealing jobs," led to the Chinese Exclusion Act Actions Ruby Ross changed description of "New Immigration" Examples: American Protective Association (1887), Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Example Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new … The act was not repealed until 1965. Competition for mining jobs, however, quickly turned to racial problems in the state. The Chinese exclusion act was a movement that prohibited Chinese immigration; people used it as a discrimination against Chinese people. depression of 1873 killed it: 783178297: Knights of Labor: 1869 - 1881. barred liquor dealers, gambler, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. By the time the Civil War began, the westward expansion movement was in full swing. In the late nineteenth century, the Knights of Labor attempted to organize workers of all kinds into a union to improve working hours and conditions for laborers. The development of print ever Tyzine illustrates the significance of which late 19th century phenomenon. In the 20th century, Social Darwinism arose stronger than ever, if by different names. Apush Blog of Things Sunday, April 19, 2015. Students should understand the manifold challenges that immigrants faced as they sought to pursue freedom and opportunity while still seeking to retain their cultural identity. APUSH Unit 5 Review question1883 legislation that attempted to replace the "spoils system" with a "merit system," by creating the Civil Service Commission. The Act was the second attempt at restricting Chinese immigration—Congress had first passed a bill that would have suspended Chinese immigration for 20 years, but President Chester A. Arthur vetoed that bill. The influx of immigration provided big businesses with an instant supply of cheap, exploitable labor. The federal government also took steps to cut back immigration through new immigration laws. Start studying APUSH Chapter 16. See more ideas about apush, us history, history. B. payment by piece rate replaced a daily wage. Wednesday: Groups will select and defend a position either for comprehensive immigration, with its centerpiece being the Dream Act, or in opposition to that plan. German Immigration to Texas The first permanent German settlements in Texas date back to the early 1830's, and the upsurge in German immigration in the 1840's resulted in such towns as Fredericksburg and New Braunfels. APUSH Period 6 Review DRAFT. In the 1920s, the United States adopted a quota system to handle immigrants from European nations. For example, immigration is much more diverse today. B) What was the purpose of the law? A few key terms from this chapter have been provided for you here, and you should identify other key terms from the chapter that are important. In 1784, when the … Immigration. The Treaty of Wanghia was negotiated by Caleb Cushing. History. One of the important events during his presidency was the Angel Island Immigration Center. Feb. 2, 1871, Source: Walfred scanThe Chinese Question is full sized cartoon published in Harper's Weekly, February 18, 1871, Nast was tolerant of all races, nationalities, and creeds. By the early 1880s, about 250,000 Chinese and Chinese Americans lived in the United States, most of whom were located in California or other western territories and states. produced new,cultural intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies. On June 25, 1867, thousands of Chinese railroad workers staged a strike to demand equal pay to white laborers, shorter workdays, and better conditions. The button below is a link to info/study help for each period of APUSH. A new introduction extends his analysis into the twenty-first century and reflects on current American and Chinese ambitions for naval mastery. Chapter 1 "Describe the geological and geographical conditions that set the stage for North American history." The Chinese Question is full sized cartoon published in Harper’s Weekly, February 18, 1871,. British, American, Russian, Japanese and … Chapta Thirte Seven - Quest-tions. In reality, further Chinese would not be eligible for immigration due to naturalization laws, but if they were; The National Origins Act limits additional immigration from all nations, including China to 2% of the number of Chinese Americans living in the US. New South 121. The Reasons of Chinese Immigrated to the United States Essay 1717 Words | 7 Pages. What was a result in California of anti-Chinese sentiment? Schultz/APUSH Name:_____ Period 6 Timeline of Major Events ... Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 . He was not, however, tolerant of ignorance. Teddy Roosevelt and the Gentleman’s Agreement/ Great White Fleet 265. Immigration Act of 1924: Effects, Significance, and Summary. These people seem to not realise that nobody WANTS to do the jobs they take. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. f. Helped ensure passage of the Pendleton Act. The Northern Pacific Railroad stretched from Lake Superior to the Puget Sound and was finished in 1883. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. Section 2: Key Terms. Chinese immigration has grown nearly seven-fold since 1980, and China became the top sending country of immigrants in the United States in 2018, replacing Mexico. The Red Scare (1919ism)/ Russian Revolution 268. See more ideas about apush, american history, us history. But after 1880, there were a few noticeable changes. This wave of immigration spurred a new nativist reaction championed by many Progressive politicians, who stoked fears that foreigners were taking the country from native-born Americans. Chinese immigrants flocked to the cities and by 1900 nearly half the Chinese population of California lived in urban areas. And it rests, too, on a fearless dedication to inquiry, Lepore argues, because self-government depends on it. Nativism/ The American Party (Know-nothing Party) 264. Some people say we need to exclude the Chinese because they are "different" or take jobs. Although Americans had first started moving toward the Pacific more than a decade earlier, making the journey to the West was still no simple task. E. Anti- Chinese Sentiments. *The APUSH exam was significantly revised in 2015, so any questions from before then are not representative of the current exam format. Chinese immigration began with the discovery of gold in California in 1848. It created an absolute bar to Chinese immigration to the United States for a period of ten years. 1886 - only 6 years, excluded chinese didn't get women and blacks to join. Feb. 2, 1871, Source: Walfred scan. For each era, define what the West was what The legacy of the Chinese Exclusion Act also encompasses illegal Chinese immigration into the United States, as legal options were very limited under the law. In 1907 alone, 1.285 million arrived. APUSH > > > > > > > > > Tennis 4.5- Market Revolution 4.6- Society and Culture 1800-1848. Wagner Act: this bill was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. Assimilation 267. Nast was tolerant of all races, nationalities, and creeds. Comprehensive immigration reform includes a pathway to citizenship that critics of the chain migration argument often use as a reason to deny unauthorized immigrants legalization. Called "a demagogue of extraordinary power," he frequently gave long and caustic speeches that focused on four general topics: contempt for the press, for capitalists, for politicians, and for Chinese immigrants. ah7e_ch20_lecture_outlines. Begin your journey through US history with … The story of Jewish immigration to America can be incorporated into broader discussions concerning immigration and the promise of American life. Examples: Pap Singleton and the Exodusters (1879), New Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, Chinese immigration Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis B. Primary sources will be distributed. During the 1920’s, America saw an influx of immigrants that were coming from southeastern European countries, which they didn’t really like. This is the currently selected item. 11th grade . James Madison (1751-1836) was a founding father of the United States and the fourth American president, serving in office from 1809 to 1817. Nativism for APUSH Nativism Nativism in the United States represents the ideology that the nation’s culture and identity should be “preserved” from “foreign” influences. completion of the new cell house at Angel Island Immigration Center in 1912. President Trump has revived the idea of ending birthright citizenship, written into the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. APUSH Review by Prompt and Theme Foreign Policy Notes on the Theme Past Essay Prompts 1600’s-1700’s: MERCANTILISM -salutary neglect: GB did not enforce mercantilism in the colonies until end of F. and I. Those rights included gaining extraterritoriality for the United States. Historical Significance is the most important part as it displays the analysis in your writing. “The Chinese Question” by Thomas Nast for Harper’s Weekly. Unit 5, Period 6 Historical Analysis Activity written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School using the 2015 Revised College Board APUSH Framework and political cartoons captured from Washingtonpost.com and media.limitgov.org. Begin prep for Assignment on immigration debate of 1965-2008. Chinese Exclusion Act, formally Immigration Act of 1882, U.S. federal law that was the first and only major federal legislation to explicitly suspend immigration for a specific nationality. Plessy v. Ferguson 122. APUSH Vocabulary The following vocabulary are recommended for students to be able to utilize as evidence in both essays and short answer questions. ... Frederick Jackson Turner writes “The Significance of Frontier in American History” (1893) Anti-saloon League founded (1893) Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 Between 1882 and 1914, approximately 20 million immigrants came to the United States. These immigrants came from Western and Northern Europe and the Far East. In this political cartoon from Harper's Weekly magazine, illustrator Thomas Nast portrays the figure of Columbia, a symbol of American democracy, comforting and protecting a Chinese man from a working-class immigrant mob. Significance of FDR's first 100 Days: The term "first hundred days" typically refers to the first hundred days in the first term of a President of the United States. Chinese immigration to the United States was a result of European and American imperialism in Asia on the one hand, and a response to global trade networks and labor demands on the other. Played 59 times. Video analysis here. settlement houses Run by middle-class American women providing housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for the New Immigrants. Published in Harper's Weekly on February 18, 1871, The Chinese Question defends Chinese immigrants against the brutal prejudice and discrimination that they faced in America. Presidents Test will be Monday 5/2. Everyone should be doing some type of APUSH review as part of your study routine. Homework: reading "Resolution on Homosexual Marriage". Angel Island Immigration Center for kids William Taft was the 27th American President who served in office from March 4, 1909 to March 4, 1913. The Act was the second attempt at restricting Chinese immigration—Congress had first passed a bill that would have suspended Chinese immigration for 20 years, but President Chester A. Arthur vetoed that bill. The Law: Federal law imposing major new restrictions on categories of people allowed to immigrate Date: Went into effect on May 1, 1917 Significance: The Immigration Act of 1917 was the first federal law to impose a general restriction on immigration in the form of a literacy test. Assess the following: the automobile is the greatest invention of the twentieth century, the Immigration Act of 1924 was necessary to the political, social, and economic growth of America. Chinese/Irish immigrants (coolies and paddies) relations/issues resulting as workers on the railroad ... Urbanization, Immigration and the changing roles of Women: ... Impact and significance of the mining industry on the growth of the West (Black Hills South Dakota, discovery of silver in Nevada, growth of western cities, and the Comstock Lode May 11, 2019 - Explore Renee Howell's board "APUSH Per. wanted economic and social reform. c. Led to the formation of the Liberal Republican party in 1872. d. Induced Grover Cleveland to negotiate a secret loan from J. P. Morgan’s banking syndicate. For the first few years, Chinese immigrants, mostly men, were the objects of curiosity, but relatively little social attack. Was the first law designed to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the U.S. Chinese laborers forced to choose: stay in U.S. with no prospects of reuniting with family or return to China . Example: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first immigration law aimed at a specific ethnic group. ... which doubled down on these restrictions, banning all Chinese laborers. The Law: Federal legislation that increased government regulation of immigration Date: Enacted on March 3, 1903 Significance: The Immigration Act of 1903 expanded the federal government’s power to regulate immigration. This began with the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which barred all immigration from China and was the nation’s first national immigration policy. European immigration to the United States greatly increased after the Civil War, reaching 5.2 million in the 1880s then surging to 8.2 million in the first decade of the 20th century. An advocate for a strong federal government, the Virginia-born Madison composed the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights and earned the nickname “Father of the Constitution.” Wells 125. Federal gov ’ t to provide solution: Timber Culture Act (1873), Desert Land Act (1877), Timber and Stone Act (1878) Acquire more land, low price Angel Island Immigration Station, principal immigration facility on the U.S. West Coast from 1910 to 1940, where Asian immigrants were detained. the sought a ban on employing Chinese and organized boycotts of products made with Chinese labor. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Advanced Placement United States History Study Guide . The National Origins Act of 1924 amended an earlier immigration law, the Immigration Act of 1921. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a U.S. federal law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Within this context, then, the Supreme Court’s 6-2 ruling in United States v Wong Kim Ark takes on a greater significance. The Reasons of Chinese immigrated to the United States Chen Zhang The Reasons of Chinese immigrated to the United States Introduction In China, since the reform and opening-up, there have been two waves of immigration in the last century late 70s and early 90s. “The Chinese Question” by Thomas Nast for Harper’s Weekly. Define or describe the example and explain its significance to the thesis statement directly above the box. As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war—the course and aftermath of which transformed American society. The influx of immigration during the 1850s to 1900s in America. Jim Crow Laws 123. Transcontinental RR. "Explain the developments in Europe and Africa that led to Columbus’s voyage to America." Cushing was sent by President Tyler to secure the same rights for the United States that European nations had received from the Chinese. In the 1850 s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. Booker T. Washington 124. The Chinese Exclusion Act, signed in 1882, was a Federal law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. Old (West/North Europe)New Immigration (East/Central/South Europe) 263. Chinese immigration and the racist attitudes Americans held over the Chinese arrival into the states produced a long-lasting effect on American culture. Jan 17, 2021 - Explore Melanie Ferguson's board "APUSH P6: 1865-1899" on Pinterest. Chinese immigration has grown nearly seven-fold since 1980, and China became the top sending country of immigrants in the United States in 2018, replacing Mexico. To what extent were political machines ... Defend your answer with specific evidence and acknowledge the opposing view. Feb. 2, 1871, Source: Walfred scan. – Chinese immigration • CA Gold Rush • Work for the railroads – African American & Mexican cowboys – Utah enters union in 1896 (after they drop polygamy) • Women’s suffrage was more common in the west – Wyoming is first to grant women the right to vote It was a cornerstone of American foreign policy … Welcome to APUSH 2019-20 Test, quiz and assignments dates will be posted here. e. Forced Boss Tweed out of power and into jail. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. At the end of a six-year armed conflict called the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro’s 26th of July Movement ousted Cuban President Fulgencio Batista on January 1, … negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China. It allowed exceptions for students, merchants. APUSH Project 2017: "The Civil War Era in American History": Immigrant Experience ... archives, and museums that documents voluntary immigration to the United States from the signing of the Constitution to the onset of the Great Depression. It was extended in 1892 for another ten years by the Geary Act and then made permanent in 1902. "Describe the origin and development of the major Indian cultures of the Americas." As commitment to restricting immigration hardened, the federal government assumed sole authority to set policy and administer immigration law. What were the 4 main goals of the political reform movement 1865-1917? The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe stretched through the Southwest deserts and was completed the following year, in 1884. Chinese Exclusion Act What: a response to the influx of Chinese Immigrants to the US and the idea that they were "stealing American jobs" because they would work for low wages Chronology: first significant US law restricting immigration, following the building of the transcontinental railroad The Boxers, a secret group of Chinese men known as I Ho Ch’uan, opposed Christianity in their country. APUSH immigration laws 1875-1920 first part - Quizle . 1 Summary 2 Exact Definition 3 Importance 4 Helpful Links A U.S. law suspending Chinese immigration into America. Many Americans on the West Coast … Students should be familiar with the Who, What, Where, When, and Historical Significance of each term. Many Americans on the West Coast … The issue has been at the center of U.S. political debate since the 2016 presidential campaign and throughout the early part of Donald Trump's presidency. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. An estimated 25 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1870 and 1900. By the mid- 1880s, anti- Chinese agitation and violence had spread up and down the Pacific coast and into other areas of the west Many also arrived to work on rice plantations throughout the Islands, which replaced kalo (taro) as a mass-farmed crop at the time. Homestead Act 1862, allowed settlers to buy 10 acres of land for a cheap price if they promised to live in the land for a minimum of 5 years and farmed on it. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. The 1921 law … ARTICLE: Nearly 2.5 million Chinese immigrants lived in the United States in 2018—the third largest foreign-born population in the country. 0. Make sure you can identify the economic, political, and social changes that occurred during The Gilded Age. Essential Question ; What economic, political, migratory factors led to the end of the western frontier by 1890? During the 1850s the unequal treatment of African-Americans extended to the Chinese.
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